Most cars met Euro 6d standards and had relatively low mileage; however, non-gasoline particulate filter (GPF) and non-diesel particulate filter (DPF) cars were also measured. The results obtained in the laboratory with a test cycle simulating Real Driving Emissions (RDE) are compared with those from on-road measurements with the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). The four-week campaign on the chassis dynamometer in the laboratory was carried out in different ambient temperatures, reaching as low as -9 °C. 

A comprehensive measurement setup covered gaseous emissions (e.g. formaldehyde, aromatics), semi-volatiles, particle mass and number emissions down to <10nm. 

The secondary aerosol formation was characterised using oxidation flow reactors (OFRs), and the composition of aerosols was measured online with instruments such as e.g. the Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS). The toxicity of the exhaust was also studied.